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› Find signed collectible books: 'Candide'
Political satire doesn't age well, but occasionally a diatribe contains enough art and universal mirth to survive long after its timeliness has passed. Candide is such a book. Penned by that Renaissance man of the Enlightenment, Voltaire, Candide is steeped in the political and philosophical controversies of the 1750s. But for the general reader, the novel's driving principle is clear enough: the idea (endemic in Voltaire's day) that we live in the best of all possible worlds, and apparent folly, misery and strife are actually harbingers of a greater good we cannot perceive, is hogwash.
Telling the tale of the good-natured but star-crossed Candide (think Mr. Magoo armed with deadly force), as he travels the world struggling to be reunited with his love, Lady Cunegonde, the novel smashes such ill-conceived optimism to splinters. Candide's tutor, Dr. Pangloss, is steadfast in his philosophical good cheer, in the face of more and more fantastic misfortune; Candide's other companions always supply good sense in the nick of time. Still, as he demolishes optimism, Voltaire pays tribute to human resilience, and in doing so gives the book a pleasant indomitability common to farce. Says one character, a princess turned one-buttocked hag by unkind Fate: "I have wanted to kill myself a hundred times, but somehow I am still in love with life. This ridiculous weakness is perhaps one of our most melancholy propensities; for is there anything more stupid than to be eager to go on carrying a burden which one would gladly throw away, to loathe one's very being and yet to hold it fast, to fondle the snake that devours us until it has eaten our hearts away?"--Michael Gerber [via]
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Candide, Voltaire's biting portrayal of eighteenth-century European society, is a central text of the Enlightenment and essential reading for history students today. Preserving the text's provocative nature, Daniel Gordon's new translation enhances Candide's read-ability and highlights the text's wit and satire for twentieth-century readers. The introduction places the work and its author in historical context, showing students how the complexities of Voltaire's life relate to the events, philosophy, and characters of Candide. A related documents section - with personal correspondence to and from Voltaire - gives students another lens through which to view this influential thinker. Helpful editorial features include explanatory notes throughout the text and a chronology of Voltaire's life. [via]

› Find signed collectible books: 'Candide'
Political satire doesn't age well, but occasionally a diatribe contains enough art and universal mirth to survive long after its timeliness has passed. Candide is such a book. Penned by that Renaissance man of the Enlightenment, Voltaire, Candide is steeped in the political and philosophical controversies of the 1750s. But for the general reader, the novel's driving principle is clear enough: the idea (endemic in Voltaire's day) that we live in the best of all possible worlds, and apparent folly, misery and strife are actually harbingers of a greater good we cannot perceive, is hogwash.
Telling the tale of the good-natured but star-crossed Candide (think Mr. Magoo armed with deadly force), as he travels the world struggling to be reunited with his love, Lady Cunegonde, the novel smashes such ill-conceived optimism to splinters. Candide's tutor, Dr. Pangloss, is steadfast in his philosophical good cheer, in the face of more and more fantastic misfortune; Candide's other companions always supply good sense in the nick of time. Still, as he demolishes optimism, Voltaire pays tribute to human resilience, and in doing so gives the book a pleasant indomitability common to farce. Says one character, a princess turned one-buttocked hag by unkind Fate: "I have wanted to kill myself a hundred times, but somehow I am still in love with life. This ridiculous weakness is perhaps one of our most melancholy propensities; for is there anything more stupid than to be eager to go on carrying a burden which one would gladly throw away, to loathe one's very being and yet to hold it fast, to fondle the snake that devours us until it has eaten our hearts away?"--Michael Gerber [via]
› Find signed collectible books: 'Candide'
In this new translation of Voltaires Candide, distinguished translator Burton Raffel captures the French novels irreverent spirit and offers a vivid, contemporary version of the 250-year-old text. Raffel casts the novel in an English idiom that--had Voltaire been a twenty-first-century American--he might himself have employed. The translation is immediate and unencumbered, and for the first time makes Voltaire the satirist a wicked pleasure for English-speaking readers.
Candide recounts the fantastically improbable travels, adventures, and misfortunes of the young Candide, his beloved Cunégonde, and his devoutly optimistic tutor, Pangloss. Endowed at the start with good fortune and every prospect for happiness and success, the characters nevertheless encounter every conceivable misfortune. Voltaires philosophical tale, in part an ironic attack on the optimistic thinking of such figures as G. W. Leibniz and Alexander Pope, has proved enormously influential over the years. In a general introduction to this volume, historian Johnson Kent Wright places Candide in the contexts of Voltaires life and work and the Age of Enlightenment.
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All editions are beautifully designed and are printed to superior specifications; some include illustrations of historical interest. Barnes & Noble Classics pulls together a constellation of influencesbiographical, historical, and literaryto enrich each reader's understanding of these enduring works.
One of the finest satires ever written, Voltaires Candide savagely skewers this very optimistic approach to life as a shamefully inadequate response to human suffering. The swift and lively tale follows the absurdly melodramatic adventures of the youthful Candide, who is forced into the army, flogged, shipwrecked, betrayed, robbed, separated from his beloved Cunégonde, and tortured by the Inquisition. As Candide experiences and witnesses calamity upon calamity, he begins to discover thatcontrary to the teachings of his tutor, Dr. Panglossall is perhaps not always for the best. After many trials, travails, and incredible reversals of fortune, Candide and his friends finally retire together to a small farm, where they discover that the secret of happiness is simply to cultivate one's garden, a philosophy that rejects excessive optimism and metaphysical speculation in favor of the most basic pragmatism.
Filled with wit, intelligence, and an abundance of dark humor, Candide is relentless and unsparing in its attacks upon corruption and hypocrisyin religion, government, philosophy, science, and even romance. Ultimately, this celebrated work says that it is possible to challenge blind optimism without losing the will to live and pursue a happy life.
Gita May is Professor of French at Columbia University. She has published extensively on the French Enlightenment, eighteenth-century aesthetics, the novel and autobiography, and women in literature, history, and the arts.
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Candide and Other Tales'
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Candide and Related Texts'
This lively new translation of Voltaire's satiric masterpiece is accompanied by a short selection of writings of each of the most prominent optimists to whom Voltaire was responding -- Leibniz, Bolingbroke, Shaftesbury, Pope, Wolff, Rousseau, and Malebranche -- and thus offers a better perspective of the intellectual context in which Candide was written, and of its place in Enlightenment though, than does any other edition. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Candide or Optimism: A Fresh Translation, Backgrounds, Criticism'
Robert M. Adams's superlative revised translation of Candide provides the basis for this widely adopted Norton Critical Edition.
The accompanying apparatus has been revised in accordance with recent biographical and critical materials. The Backgrounds and Criticism sections provide important essays that shed light on major critical issues relevant to Candide and to the intellectual climate of the period. In addition to the reports of five English visitors to Ferney, essays by Haydn Mason, Erich Auerbach, Ernst Cassirer, and Robert M. Adams are included. The final section of the edition, "The Climate of Controversy," summarizes the debate surrounding Voltaire's works and includes essays by Peter Gay, Raymond Naves, Gustave Lanson, and John Morley. Also included are a series of quotations about Voltaire by such prominent figures as Gustave Flaubert, Frederick the Great, and Stendhal, as well as the text of "Pangloss's Song," a ballad from the 1956 Candide-based operetta by Richard Wilbur. [via]More editions of Candide or Optimism: A Fresh Translation, Backgrounds, Criticism:
› Find signed collectible books: 'Candide : Or, Optimism'
In this splendid new translation of Voltaires satiric masterpiece, all the celebrated wit, irony, and trenchant social commentary of one of the great works of the Enlightenment is restored and refreshed.
Voltaire may have cast a jaundiced eye on eighteenth-century Europea place that was definitely not the best of all possible worlds. But amid its decadent society, despotic rulers, civil and religious wars, and other ills, Voltaire found a mother lode of comic material. And this is why Peter Constantines thoughtful translation is such a pleasure, presenting all the books subtlety and ribald joys precisely as Voltaire had intended.
The globe-trotting misadventures of the youthful Candide; his tutor, Dr. Pangloss; Martin, and the exceptionally trouble-prone object of Candides affections, Cunégonde, as they brave exile, destitution, cannibals, and numerous deprivation, provoke both belly laughs and deep contemplation about the roles of hope and suffering in human life.
The transformation of Candides outlook from panglossian optimism to realism neatly lays out Voltaires philosophythat even in Utopia, life is less about happiness than survivalbut not before providing us with one of literatures great and rare pleasures. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Candide Ou L'Optimisme'
This edition is essentially that of Richard Aldington edited with reference to the French editions by Andr Morize and George R. Havens. Norman L. Torrey's introduction is a brief commentary on Voltaire's central purpose of reducing the doctrine of philosophical optimism to absurdity. Also included are a list of principal dates in the life of Voltaire and a selected bibliography. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Cliffsnotes Candide'
CliffsNotes on Candide explores the best known philosophic tale from Voltaire. The tale is a vehicle for his profoundest views on politics, religion, and philosophy. At the same time, it is an adventure tale about a young hero who travels far and wide and experiences great dangers.
With this study guide, youll see why Voltaire is considered among the greatest satirists in literature. Along with detailed explanations of the plot, your understanding will increase with insight into the life and times of the author. Other features that help you study include
Classic literature or modern modern-day treasure you'll understand it all with expert information and insight from CliffsNotes study guides.
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Critique of Pure Reason'
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A long-awaited new translation of an epochal philosophical text by two distinguished scholars [via]
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Like Werner Pluhar's distinguished translation of "Critique of Judgment" (Hackett Publishing Co., 1987), this new rendering of "Critique of Pure Reason" reflects the elegant achievement of a master translator. This richly annotated volume offers translations of the complete texts of both the first and second editions, as well as Kant's own notes. Extensive editorial notes by Werner Pluhar and James Ellington supply explanatory and terminological comments, translations of Latin and other foreign expressions, variant readings, cross-references to other passages in the text and in other writings of Kant, and references to secondary works. An extensive bibliography, glossary, and detailed index are included. Patricia Kitcher's illuminating Introduction provides a roadmap to Kant's abstract and complex argumentation by firmly locating his view in the context of eighteenth-century - and current - attempts to understand the nature of the thinking mind and its ability to comprehend the physical universe. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Discourse on Political Economy and the Social Contract: And, the Social Contract'
Revolutionary in its own time and controversial to this day, this work is a permanent classic of political theory and a key source of democratic belief. Rousseau's concepts of "the general will" as a mode of self-interest uniting for a common good, and the submission of the individual to government by contract inform the heart of democracy, and stand as its most contentious components today. Also included in this edition is Rousseau's Discourse on Political Economy", a key transitional work between his Discourse on Inequality and The Social Contract. This new translation offers fresh insight into a cornerstone of political thought, which is further illuminated by a comprehensive introduction and notes. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Du Contrat Social'
Qu'est-ce que le citoyen attend ou devrait attendre de l'État en échange de l'obéissance à ses lois ? Le propos de Jean-Jacques Rousseau dans son Contrat social, publié en 1762, est de déduire la forme constitutionnelle de l'État légitime, la République. L'ouvrage expose à la fois les grands principes de cette République et les raisons qui en font une réalité historique condamnée à disparaître. À l'heure où il écrit, Rousseau, tourné vers le modèle des cités antiques, est convaincu que la liberté politique appartient à une époque révolue depuis longtemps. Les récentes innovations parlementaires anglaises ne font que confirmer à ses yeux le nécessaire déclin républicain : dans les sociétés libérales modernes, les intérêts de l'individu privé l'emportent en effet sur la vertu citoyenne.
Texte politique d'une grande rigueur, l'ouvrage Du Contrat social doit davantage se lire comme la critique anticipée des démocraties contemporaines que comme un manifeste militant pour une quelconque cause révolutionnaire. --Emilio Balturi [via]
› Find signed collectible books: 'El Contrato Social / the Social Agreement'
Segun Rousseau, los hombres ceden mediante el contrato social el derecho ilimitado a todo cuanto les apetece. El clásico de este maestro en una edición espectacular y accesible. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'The Enlightenment: An Interpretation'
Part of a two-volume study of the Enlightenment, this volume develops a social history of the period, the "Philosophes" and their background. The author provides insights into the Enlightenment's critical methods and its humane and libertarian visions. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'The Enlightenment: An Interpretation The Science of Freedom'
The second volume of Peter Gay's in-depth study of the dawn of the modern worldthe Age of Reason.
The Science of Freedom completes Peter Gay's brilliant reinterpretation begun in The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism. In the present book, he describes the philosophes' program and their views of society. His masterful appraisal opens a new range of insights into the Enlightenment's critical method and its humane and libertarian vision. [via]More editions of The Enlightenment: An Interpretation The Science of Freedom:

› Find signed collectible books: 'The Enlightenment: The Rise of Modern Paganism'
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Flesh In The Age Of Reason'
The gloomy, anguished fears and concerns of the great English writers of the Civil War period (Milton, Bunyan et all) are in many ways completely baffling and alien to us and yet 150 years later with writers such as Byron we feel totally at home with their view of the world. How did this extraordinary change happen? How did we become modern? In this sequel to the prize-winning "Enlightenment", Roy Porter completes his lifetime's work, offering an account of the writings of some of the most attractive figures ever to write in English. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Flesh in the Age of Reason: The Modern Foundations of Body and Soul'
How did we come to a modern understanding of our bodies and souls? What were the breakthroughs that allowed human beings to see themselves in a new light? Starting with the revolutionary ideas of the Renaissance that challenged the sense of the body as a corrupt vessel for the soul, Roy Porter goes on to chart how - through figures as diverse as Locke, Swift, Johnson and Gibbon - ideas about medicine, politics and religion fundamentally changed notions of self. He shows how the body moved centre stage in the 18th century, writing on the ways in which men and women flaunted, decorated, tanned and dieted themselves: activities that we find familiar but that a Puritan divine would have considered Satanic. Porter also explores how, at the end of the century, the human soul took on a new significance in the works of Godwin, Blane and Byron. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason'
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Kant's Critique of Pure Reason: An Abridged Translation for College Students'
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Kritik Der Reinen Vernunft'
Die Erfolgsgeschichte der modernen Naturwissenschaften vor Augen, wollte Kant auch die Philosophie, insbesondere die Metaphysik auf den sicheren Weg einer Wissenschaft bringen. Das Ergebnis war jedoch die wohl wirkungsvollste und nachhaltigste Zerstörung metaphysischen Denkens in der neuzeitlichen Philosophie.
Kant sprach von einer Kopernikanischen Wende. Sie sollte dadurch herbeigeführt werden, dass die philosophische Erkenntnis sich von den Gegenständen selbst auf die Möglichkeit der Erkenntnis derselben zurückwendet. Kritik der reinen Vernunft bedeutet daher vor allem Selbstprüfung des menschlichen Erkenntnisvermögens hinsichtlich seiner Grenzen und Erkenntnismöglichkeiten. Kants für die moderne Philosophie grundlegende Einsicht war, dass erfahrungsunabhängige, also metaphysische Erkenntnis nur in der Einschränkung auf die formalen Bedingungen möglicher Erfahrung beweisbar und damit alle traditionelle Metaphysik nichts als Scheinwissenschaft ist.
Grundvoraussetzung für dieses Projekt ist die Rückführung aller gültigen Erkenntnis auf die im Subjekt angelegten Bedingungen. So wie Raum und Zeit keine Gegenstände, sondern reine, subjektive Anschauungsformen möglichen Gegebenseins von konkreten empirischen Erscheinungen sind, so sind auch die reinen Verstandesbegriffe bloß formale Bedingungen der Einheit möglicher Objekte. Wir erkennen nie die Dinge an sich selbst, sondern nur die Erscheinungen, das heißt die Gegenstände, wie sie uns durch die formalen Bedingungen unseres Erkenntnisvermögens gegeben sind.
Vor allem Kants idealistische Erben wollten sich mit dieser Einschränkung der Erkenntnis auf die Erscheinungswelt nicht zufrieden geben und gingen daher über Kants kritischen Idealismus hinaus. Statt dessen versucht man in der sprachphilosophisch geläuterten, modernen Erkenntnistheorie (Putnam, McDowell) wieder an Kants Kritizismus Anschluss zu finden. --Jens Kertscher [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'On The Social Contract'
"Man was born free, but everywhere he is in chains." Thus begins Rousseau's influential 1762 work, in which he argues that all government is fundamentally flawed and that modern society is based on a system of inequality. The philosopher posits that a good government can justify its need for individual compromises and that promoting social settings in which people transcend their immediate appetites and desires leads to the development of self-governing, self-disciplined beings. A milestone of political science, these essays are essential reading for students of history, philosophy, and other social sciences. G. D. H. Cole translation.
[via]
› Find signed collectible books: 'On the Social Contract With Geneva Manuscript and Political Economy'
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Philosophy of the Enlightenment'
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Quicksilver'
In Quicksilver, the first volume of the "Baroque Cycle," Neal Stephenson launches his most ambitious work to date. The novel, divided into three books, opens in 1713 with the ageless Enoch Root seeking Daniel Waterhouse on the campus of what passes for MIT in eighteenth-century Massachusetts. Daniel, Enoch's message conveys, is key to resolving an explosive scientific battle of preeminence between Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz over the development of calculus. As Daniel returns to London aboard the Minerva, readers are catapulted back half a century to recall his years at Cambridge with young Isaac. Daniel is a perfect historical witness. Privy to Robert Hooke's early drawings of microscope images and with associates among the English nobility, religious radicals, and the Royal Society, he also befriends Samuel Pepys, risks a cup of coffee, and enjoys a lecture on Belgian waffles and cleavage-all before the year 1700.
In the second book, Stephenson introduces Jack Shaftoe and Eliza. "Half-Cocked" Jack (also know as the "King of the Vagabonds") recovers the English Eliza from a Turkish harem. Fleeing the siege of Vienna, the two journey across Europe driven by Eliza's lust for fame, fortune, and nobility. Gradually, their circle intertwines with that of Daniel in the third book of the novel.
The book courses with Stephenson's scholarship but is rarely bogged down in its historical detail. Stephenson is especially impressive in his ability to represent dialogue over the evolving worldview of seventeenth-century scientists and enliven the most abstruse explanation of theory. Though replete with science, the novel is as much about the complex struggles for political ascendancy and the workings of financial markets. Further, the novel's literary ambitions match its physical size. Stephenson narrates through epistolary chapters, fragments of plays and poems, journal entries, maps, drawings, genealogic tables, and copious contemporary epigrams. But, caught in this richness, the prose is occasionally neglected and wants editing. Further, anticipating a cycle, the book does not provide a satisfying conclusion to its 900 pages. These are minor quibbles, though. Stephenson has matched ambition to execution, and his faithful, durable readers will be both entertained and richly rewarded with a practicum in Baroque science, cypher, culture, and politics. --Patrick O'Kelley [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Siddharta'
Spanish Edition SIDDHARTA by Herman Hesse 2002 Softcover 5 1/2 x 7 3/4 inches 94 pages Arenal publishers [via]
› Find signed collectible books: 'The Social Contract'
'Man was born free, and he is everywhere in chains' - these are the famous opening words of a treatise that has not ceased to stir vigorous debate since its first publication in 1762. Rejecting the view that anyone has a natural right to wield authority over others, Rousseau argues instead for a pact, or 'social contract', that should exist between all the citizens of a state and that should be the source of sovereign power. From this fundamental premise, he goes on to consider issues of liberty and law, freedom and justice, arriving at a view of society that has seemed to some a blueprint for totalitarianism, to others a declaration of democratic principles. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'The Social Contract and Discourses'
Published in 1762, Rousseau's thinking is still relevant in these modern times. He believed that all citizens of a state fundamentally have a natural power of equality. This is the 'social contract' between the citizens of a state. Rousseau writes about liberty and law, freedom and justice. A declaration of democratic principles. A Collector's Edition. [via]
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Published in 1762, Rousseau's thinking is still relevant in these modern times. He believed that all citizens of a state fundamentally have a natural power of equality. This is the 'social contract' between the citizens of a state. Rousseau writes about liberty and law, freedom and justice. A declaration of democratic principles. A Collector's Edition. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Voltaire: Candide'
Brought up in the household of a powerful Baron, Candide is an open-minded young man, whose tutor, Pangloss, has instilled in him the belief that 'all is for the best'. But when his love for the Baron's rosy-cheeked daughter is discovered, Candide is cast out to make his own way in the world. And so he and his various companions begin a breathless tour of Europe, South America and Asia, as an outrageous series of disasters befall them - earthquakes, syphilis, a brush with the Inquisition, murder - sorely testing the young hero's optimism. [via]
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Brought up in the household of a powerful Baron, Candide is an open-minded young man, whose tutor, Pangloss, has instilled in him the belief that 'all is for the best'. But when his love for the Baron's rosy-cheeked daughter is discovered, Candide is cast out to make his own way in the world. And so he and his various companions begin a breathless tour of Europe, South America and Asia, as an outrageous series of disasters befall them - earthquakes, syphilis, a brush with the Inquisition, murder - sorely testing the young hero's optimism. [via]
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218pages. 17,6x11x1,4cm. Poche. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Candide Ou l'Optimisme'
This book is a facsimile reprint and may contain imperfections such as marks, notations, marginalia and flawed pages. [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Critica De La Razon Pura'
Nuestra epoca es la epoca de la critica, a la que todo tiene que someterse. La religion por su santidad y la legislacion por su majestad quieren generalmente sustraerse a ella. Pero entonces suscitan contra si sospechas justificadas y no pueden aspirar a un respeto sincero, que la razon solo concede a quien ha podido sostener libre y publico examen .Immanuel Kant [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Kritik Der Reinen Vernunft'
Die Erfolgsgeschichte der modernen Naturwissenschaften vor Augen, wollte Kant auch die Philosophie, insbesondere die Metaphysik auf den sicheren Weg einer Wissenschaft bringen. Das Ergebnis war jedoch die wohl wirkungsvollste und nachhaltigste Zerstörung metaphysischen Denkens in der neuzeitlichen Philosophie.
Kant sprach von einer Kopernikanischen Wende. Sie sollte dadurch herbeigeführt werden, dass die philosophische Erkenntnis sich von den Gegenständen selbst auf die Möglichkeit der Erkenntnis derselben zurückwendet. Kritik der reinen Vernunft bedeutet daher vor allem Selbstprüfung des menschlichen Erkenntnisvermögens hinsichtlich seiner Grenzen und Erkenntnismöglichkeiten. Kants für die moderne Philosophie grundlegende Einsicht war, dass erfahrungsunabhängige, also metaphysische Erkenntnis nur in der Einschränkung auf die formalen Bedingungen möglicher Erfahrung beweisbar und damit alle traditionelle Metaphysik nichts als Scheinwissenschaft ist.
Grundvoraussetzung für dieses Projekt ist die Rückführung aller gültigen Erkenntnis auf die im Subjekt angelegten Bedingungen. So wie Raum und Zeit keine Gegenstände, sondern reine, subjektive Anschauungsformen möglichen Gegebenseins von konkreten empirischen Erscheinungen sind, so sind auch die reinen Verstandesbegriffe bloß formale Bedingungen der Einheit möglicher Objekte. Wir erkennen nie die Dinge an sich selbst, sondern nur die Erscheinungen, das heißt die Gegenstände, wie sie uns durch die formalen Bedingungen unseres Erkenntnisvermögens gegeben sind.
Vor allem Kants idealistische Erben wollten sich mit dieser Einschränkung der Erkenntnis auf die Erscheinungswelt nicht zufrieden geben und gingen daher über Kants kritischen Idealismus hinaus. Statt dessen versucht man in der sprachphilosophisch geläuterten, modernen Erkenntnistheorie (Putnam, McDowell) wieder an Kants Kritizismus Anschluss zu finden. --Jens Kertscher [via]
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› Find signed collectible books: 'Candido, O El Optimismo'
The novella begins with a young man, Candide, who is living a sheltered life in an Edenic paradise and being indoctrinated with Leibnizian optimism (or simply optimism) by his mentor, Pangloss. The work describes the abrupt cessation of this lifestyle, followed by Candide's slow, painful disillusionment as he witnesses and experiences great hardships in the world. Voltaire concludes with Candide, if not outright rejecting optimism, advocating an enigmatic precept, "we must cultivate our garden", in lieu of the Leibnizian mantra of Pangloss, "all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds".
Desde un punto de vista sardónico, la obra sigue las peripecias del protagonista Cándido en su primer encuentro con el precepto del optimismo leibniziano de que «todo sucede para bien en este, el mejor de los mundos posibles» y en una serie de aventuras subsecuentes que refutan de forma dramática el famoso precepto a pesar del obstinamiento con el que el personaje se aferra a éste.
La novela satiriza la filosofía de Leibniz, y es un muestrario de los horrores del mundo del siglo XVIII. En Cándido, Leibniz está representado por el filósofo Pangloss, tutor del protagonista. A pesar de observar y experimentar una serie de infortunios, Pangloss afirma repetidamente que «tout est au mieux» («todo sucede para bien») y que vive en «le meilleur des mondes possibles» («el mejor de los mundos posibles»).
Book Description: Wikipedia.org [via]
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